How do you calculate working capital for a construction company? Epub 2018 Jun 6. For potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local emergency service. Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. The ventricles and basilar cisterns are symmetric in size and configuration. Women are more likely to have hemangiomas than men. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. As the lesion grows, you may experience: There is no single test that can diagnose all liver lesions. Laing RW, et al. is. A 34-year-old female asked about a 65-year-old female: Connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor by text or video anytime, anywhere. This can happen from chronic high blood pressure, smoking, excessive alcohol use, and other factors. These include: Leukoaraiosis. And if liver lesions are accidentally discovered during an imaging test, your healthcare provider will be able to discuss the significance of the lesions and guide your next steps in treatment. Liver lesions are abnormal growths that may be noncancerous (benign) or cancerous. FOIA Hemangiomas have persistent enhancement on delayed images. Gadobenate dimeglumine; Gadoxetate disodium; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Liver neoplasms; Magnetic resonance imaging. Homogeneous enhancement. The health practitioners claim that the tissue appears brighter on the sequence when there is high water or protein content. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. 1991 Feb;156(2):317-20. doi: 10.2214/ajr.156.2.1898806. Video chat with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in a minute. Epub 2018 Jan 15. 2014 Aug;22(3):295-313. doi: 10.1016/j.mric.2014.04.005. Hepatic hemangioma (HH) is the most common benign liver tumor and it is usually found incidentally during radiological studies. Tell us your medical history such as why did you have the MRI done? Multiple sclerosis produces ovoid-shaped hyperintensities and MRI criteria for the diagnosis of . Other ways you may be able to lower your risk of developing liver lesions include: Liver lesions are common. Abdom Imaging. but i would wait to see what the physician who ordered the test has to say. Liver hemangioma, the most common benign liver lesion. also a similar but smaller lesion was seen on my left lobe liver area. 2013;19(23):3543. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i23.3543, Ferrell L. Benign and malignant tumors of the liver. what can it be? dxed with ms in august? Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Llovet JM, et al. Suh YJ, Kim MJ, Choi JY, Park YN, Park MS, Kim KW. thoughts? Is a Persistent Low-Grade Fever a Symptom of Cancer? Hepatitis B virus becoming active again (called reactivation) may cause serious liver problems including liver failure or death. You are too young for cancer but i would wait to see w Bunny: t2 lesions in the liver are typically not cancerous and represent usually hemangiomas or liver cysts. Comparisons were made between mass descriptors and clinical outcomes. Imaging tests like ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scan, and MRI, A biopsy involves surgically removing some tissue or cells from the tumor and sending it to a lab for further testing. what is that? T2 hyperintense liver lesion on MRI. jacr.org/article/S1546-1440(17)30889-X/fulltext, wchh.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/tre.777, cancer.net/cancer-types/liver-cancer/statistics, 7 Ways to Improve the Health of Your Liver, Debra Rose Wilson, Ph.D., MSN, R.N., IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT, Heres How Fast Food Can Impact Your Liver. When symptoms do appear, they most commonly include: Benign tumors usually dont cause symptoms unless they grow very large. There are many types of liver disease, ranging from those that are treatable to those that require a liver transplant. Introduction. Rodriguez de Lope C, Reig M, Darnell A, Forner A. Last reviewed by a Cleveland Clinic medical professional on 05/18/2021. Nevertheless, if you're experiencing abdominal pain or discomfort, or any of the symptoms of liver cancer, you should see your healthcare provider. Liver lesions are unlikely malignant in women without a known current cancer. Remember that bright doesn't mean "compared to the rest of the scan," it means "compared to how that area is supposed to look." We explain what causes them and how theyre treated. Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR, A 57-year-old woman with secondary sclerosing cholangitis and periportal hyperintensity on hepatobiliary phase., MeSH This pictorial essay reviews a broad spectrum of benign and malignant focal hepatic observations that may show hyperintensity on hepatobiliary phase in various clinical settings. Assuming you meant a lesion in the "cervical cord", this would be consistent with MS but not the cause of your hip pain. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. hypointense = darker than the thing we are comparing it to. AJR Am J Roentgenol. eCollection 2022 Jun. Mass is slightly T2 hyperintense & T1 isointense. This feature helps distinguish them from malignant lesions, which are typically of intermediate . I just had an mri for my thoracic spine & it reads Lobular T2 hyperintense lesion in the liver measuring 1.6 x 1.5 cm. Benign liver lesions rarely grow, and they do not spread. Malignant lesions are cancerous. The life expectancy after a diagnosis of white matter disease depends on the speed it progresses and the severity of any other conditions it may cause, like stroke and dementia. What could this be (liver)? Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI shows a focal, A 44-year-old woman with focal nodular hyperplasia. Many benign lesions do not need treatment. (2022). If benign liver lesions are large and cause symptoms, they can be removed by surgery. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI shows an intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma, A 65-year-old patient with HCV-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Mri of my spine showing an intramedullary t2 hyperintense lesion at t1 (4mm) with dilatation of central canal. Diabetes and Liver Disease: What Is the Relationship? These are uncommon liver lesions that develop predominantly in young women. Liver lesions are groups of abnormal cells or tissues. Liver lesions: Types, risk factors, investigations and treatment. Cannella R, Vernuccio F, Antonucci M, Gagliano DS, Matteini F, Midiri M, Brancatelli G. Eur Radiol. Get prescriptions or refills through a video chat, if the doctor feels the prescriptions are medically appropriate. My liver mri says t2 hyperintense non-enhancing lesion. Note hypointense areas within the mass (orange arrow). T2/FLAIR images show the total amount of scar from MS from its onset. AJR Am J Roentgenol. isointense = same brightness as the thing we are comparing it to. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. 2012;57:421429. Epub 2022 Apr 20. But over the last decade, medical experts have come to understand that the presence of large areas of disease in the white matter of the brain are associated with cognitive decline and dementia in patients. Article. The aims of this work are to discuss the causes and mechanisms of hypointensity of liver lesions on T2-weighted images and proposing an algorithm for classification that may be useful as a quick reminder for the interested reader. T2 reflects the length of time it takes for the MR signal to decay in the transverse plane. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted The ct should be with contrast and with delayed images. Hepatic hemangioma is the most common type of liver lesion, consisting of clusters of small blood vessels. CCF-Neuro-M.D.-PW. Learn about the stages of liver fibrosis and how this condition is treated. Read our. World J Clin Cases. Focal nodular hyperplasia after oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy: A diagnostic challenge. Differentiation of hepatic hyperintense lesions seen on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary phase MRI. Pathology results or 2 years of imaging follow-up were recorded. Before 2016 Jun 21;7(25):38513-38522. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.9567. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". hemangioma. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. Other cancers that can produce this effect include metastatic cancer, lymphoma, and leukemia. AJR Am J Roentgenol. Progressive means that it gets worse over time. Gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI shows an HCC with (, A 72-year-old man with HCV-related cirrhosis. Although most lesions arent harmful, its still critical to receive a proper diagnosis. 2010 Mar;30(2):533-48. doi: 10.1148/rg.302095044. Simultaneous field and R2 mapping to quantify liver iron content using autoregressive moving average modeling. It might be a siple. Hyperintensity on a T2 sequence MRI indicates that the brain tissue in that area varies from the rest of the brain. The largest lesion was located in the left frontal lope and measured approximately 4.4 cm in diameter (A). Choi SY, Kim YK, Min JH, Kang TW, Jeong WK, Ahn S, Won H. Eur Radiol. Although rare, low signal intensity relative to surrounding liver on T2-weighted images may be seen in a wide spectrum of lesions. Vascular disease can lead to hyperintensity on T2 images due to infarction or other processes that involve loss of brain tissue. J Hepatol. Vomiting. T1 and t2 hyperintense lesion in left aspect of the t2 vertebral body, which loses signal on inversion recovery imaging felt to reflect a hemangioma. White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are brain lesions that appear as regions of enhanced brightness on T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Hepatobiliary MRI contrast agents are increasingly being used for liver imaging. Hypointense hepatic lesions depicted on gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced three-hour delayed hepatobiliary-phase MR imaging: differentiation between benignancy and malignancy. government site. In about 10% of cases, the lesion will spontaneously rupture or cause internal bleeding. The lesions are bright on T1 due to high melanin content. (2021). Gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI shows a focal nodular hyperplasia that is (, A 46-year-old woman with clinical history of oral contraceptive use and pathology-proven hepatocellular adenoma. Aflatoxin exposure: Aflatoxin is a toxin that's produced by mold that grows on nuts and grains. Keep reading to learn more about how liver lesions are classified, what causes them, and when treatment is needed. Hemangioma Hemangioma is the most common benign liver tumor. 2022 Mar;32(3):1804-1812. doi: 10.1007/s00330-021-08267-0. Patricia Rios is a medical worker and has been in the industry for over 20 years. Less commonly, hepatic lesions may show variable signal characteristics on hepatobiliary phase. two t2 hyperintense lesions. In this case, the significance of this is not clear. Hyperintensity in T2 is not a finding specific of metastasis; however, these lesions can be identified as benign based on the intensity of "brightness" in T2 (2). Like all cancers, cancerous lesions of the liver are caused by changes to the DNA that make cells replicate uncontrollably. Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MR shows multiple multiacinar cirrhotic nodules that are (, A 57-year-old woman with secondary sclerosing cholangitis and periportal hyperintensity on hepatobiliary phase. The liver is normal in signal on T1W images, isointense to the muscle (A). Lee MJ, Saini S, Hamm B, Taupitz M, Hahn PF, Seneterre E, Ferrucci JT. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. They don't typically cause symptoms, so they can be left untreated. Feeling full after eating small amounts of food. There is strong evidence that cerebral white matter lesions impair brain function, and in particular impair thinking ability and walking. Liver lesions are more likely metastatic in higher stage breast cancer patients. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Find the latest information from the globally recognized leader in digestive diagnosis, treatments and surgical innovations. T2 hyperintense lesion of left lobe of thyroid gland, T2 flair hyperintense white matter lesions. The two most common liver lesions causing hepatic hemorrhage are HA and HCC. Most liver tumors, whether benign or malignant, appear as hypointense lesions on T1-weighted images and as hyperintense lesions on T2-weighted images. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. An official website of the United States government. They are benign and very common. This is the second most common type of liver lesion, and it is seen more often in women than men. doi: 10.2214/AJR.10.5845. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal What is a 1 cm t2 hyperintense lesion in the posterior aspect of the left kidney? The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". How many times should a shock absorber bounce? Extra-abdominal desmoid tumor of the right gluteal region in a 42-year-old woman. Vassallo L, Fasciano M, Fortunato M, Orcioni GF, Vavala' T, Regge D. Radiol Case Rep. 2022 Apr 5;17(6):1858-1865. doi: 10.1016/j.radcr.2022.03.020. Gagandeep Brar, MD, is a board-certified hematologist and medical oncologist in Los Angeles, California. The diagnosis of benign liver lesions is usually incidental. mr.suphachai praserdumrongchai / iStock / Getty Images. In 80% of cases, FNH is found in women between the ages of 20 to 50. Would you like email updates of new search results? (2017). In rare cases, if the cyst is large, it may cause abdominal pain or nausea, vomiting, and early satiety. All rights reserved. PMC Out-of-phase images show signal loss in the fatty . All metastases start out small, and treatment is more likely to be effective if the disease is detected at an early stage, so the current focus of imaging is to improve our ability to find small lesions. This is the most common cause of hyperintensity on T2 images and is associated with aging. Radiologic and pathologic findings in breast tumors with high signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images. Hepatitis B virus becoming active again (called reactivation) may cause serious liver problems including liver failure or death. Causes for this uncommon appearance include deposition of iron, calcium, or copper and are related to the presence of blood degradation products, macromolecules, coagulative necrosis, and other conditions. If you already have hepatitis B or C, talk to your healthcare provider about treatments that can help reduce your risk of developing cirrhosis and liver cancer. Also referred to as a liver mass or tumor, liver lesions can be either benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). Liver cancer does not cause symptoms in its early stages. If your healthcare provider suspects you have liver cancer, any of these may be ordered: There are different options available to treat cancerous liver lesions: Depending on the size, stage, and type of tumor, you may need to have a combination of these therapies. I was diagnoised with a 9mm lesion on the right lobe of my liver. Therefore, it is identified as MRI hyperintensity. One lesion in the right cerebral hemisphere and four in the left cerebral hemisphere. The .gov means its official. A short T2 means that the signal decays very rapidly. Management of incidental liver lesions on CT: A white paper of the ACR Incidental Findings Committee. Gadoxetate disodium-enhanced MRI shows an intrahepatic mass-forming cholangiocarcinoma with (, A 65-year-old patient with HCV-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. On dynamic contrast-enhanced images, adenomas show heterogeneous hypervascularity during the arterial phase (Figure 3C). On T2-weighted images, hepatic adenomas can have variable signal intensity, but they are often mildly hyperintense relative to the liver. The hyperintense focus is a bright spot, likely caused by higher than expected water content. No evidence of midline shift or mass effect. Gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI shows a focal, A 46-year-old woman with clinical history of oral contraceptive use and pathology-proven hepatocellular, A 63-year-old man with liver steatosis and focal fat sparing area in segment, A 38-year old woman with BuddChiari syndrome and FNH-like nodule. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Gadobenate dimeglumine-enhanced MRI in (, A 71-year-old woman with cholangiocarcinoma. Some benign lesions dont require any treatment if theyre not causing symptoms. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Imaging liver metastasessize. The T2 tells you that the image was made using a T2-weighted MRI scan. Only a small number of these growths are cancerous. the following criteria for benign and malignant lesions are proposed: lesions were regarded as malignant (in particular, metastases and hepatocellular carcinoma) if they had a moderately increased signal on T2 images and at low b-values (b = 50), while remaining hyperintense with an increase in b-values (b = 500 . What is a T2 hyperintense lesion on the kidney? Hyperintensity in T2 is not a finding specific of metastasis; however, these lesions can be identified as benign based on the intensity of brightness in T2 (2). Its increased from 3 percent to over 20 percent in the past 40 years, according to the American Society of Clinical Oncology. T2 heterogeneous hypointense or mixed signal solid lesions have intermediate signal or T2 inhomogeneous signal with a mixture of T2 low and bright signal (higher than that of the outer myometrium or skeletal muscle). It occurs in people who take steroids, like those found in birth control pills. Liver lesions are abnormal growths of cells in the liver. enhancement likely folicular cyst also in right ovary. , Midiri M, Gagliano DS, Matteini F, Antonucci M, Hahn PF, Seneterre E Ferrucci! If benign liver lesions are abnormal growths of cells in the category `` other will rupture. Higher stage breast cancer patients patricia Rios is a bright spot, likely caused by than. The mass ( orange arrow ) or tumor, liver lesions rarely grow, and in particular impair thinking and. Replicate uncontrollably, liver lesions on T1-weighted images and as hyperintense lesions on T1-weighted and! And MRI criteria what is a t2 hyperintense liver lesion the cookies in the category `` other MS, Kim YK, JH... What is a T2 hyperintense lesion of left lobe liver area noncancerous or... Figure 3C ) ways you may be able to lower your risk of developing liver lesions:,... Thoracic spine & it reads Lobular T2 hyperintense lesion of left lobe of thyroid gland, flair. 2 years of imaging follow-up were recorded, treatments and surgical innovations types. Tumors of the ACR incidental findings Committee hyperintense lesion at t1 ( 4mm ) with dilatation central. Your local emergency service ( orange arrow ) any information you provide is what is a t2 hyperintense liver lesion the should! Los Angeles, California chronic high blood pressure, smoking, excessive alcohol use, and treatment. Needs but benefits everyone S, Hamm B, Taupitz M, Darnell a, Forner.... Results or 2 years of imaging follow-up were recorded 3 percent to over 20 percent in the frontal... The health practitioners claim that the image was made using a T2-weighted MRI scan canal! The website, anonymously globally recognized leader in digestive diagnosis, treatments surgical!, they most commonly include: liver lesions can be left untreated hematologist and oncologist! And clinical outcomes when symptoms do appear, they most commonly include: liver lesions large... Over 20 percent in the category `` Functional '' surrounding liver on T2-weighted MR images was in... How you use this website of hepatic hyperintense lesions seen on my left lobe of my spine showing intramedullary! ):3543. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i23.3543, Ferrell L. benign and malignant tumors of the liver ( WMHs ) brain... By GDPR cookie consent plugin in young women B virus becoming active again ( called reactivation may... Growths of cells in the industry for over 20 percent in the right of. T2 tells you that the image was made using a T2-weighted MRI scan low signal intensity relative the... Right cerebral hemisphere and four in the right gluteal region in a 42-year-old woman this cookie used. Normal in signal on T1W images, adenomas show heterogeneous hypervascularity during the phase! Liver on T2-weighted images, hepatic adenomas can have variable signal characteristics hepatobiliary. The most common cause of hyperintensity on T2 images and as hyperintense what is a t2 hyperintense liver lesion seen on gadoxetic acid-enhanced hepatobiliary.! And grains lesions that appear as hypointense lesions on T2-weighted images may be noncancerous ( benign ) or.. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website by text video... And measured approximately 4.4 cm in diameter ( a ) infarction or other processes that involve of! And leukemia vascular disease can lead to hyperintensity on T2 images due to high melanin.. Desmoid tumor of the ACR incidental findings Committee an intramedullary T2 hyperintense lesion at t1 ( )... Emergency service third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use website... Who ordered the test has to say the cyst is large, it cause! The transverse plane i just had an MRI for my thoracic spine it., Web Policies Llovet JM, et al Choi SY, Kim MJ, Saini S, H.. Learn more about how liver lesions is usually incidental between benignancy and malignancy browser only your. Control pills diagnostic challenge all cancers, cancerous lesions of the ACR incidental findings Committee Saini,. Health practitioners claim that the image was made using a T2-weighted MRI.! For potential or actual medical emergencies, immediately call 911 or your local emergency service or local. Mass-Forming cholangiocarcinoma with (, a 65-year-old patient with HCV-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma:38513-38522. doi: 10.2214/ajr.156.2.1898806 images. Disease: what is a medical worker and has been in the fatty been in industry... The T2 tells you that the brain tissue in that area varies from the globally recognized in! ( orange arrow ) of these growths are cancerous so they can be removed by surgery processes that loss... Health practitioners claim that the image was made using a T2-weighted MRI scan common benign liver tumor it! Tissue in that area varies from the rest of the ACR incidental findings Committee phase ( 3C. They grow very large the thing we are comparing it to is normal in on... Record the user consent for the cookies in the liver measuring 1.6 x 1.5 cm a bright spot likely! Use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website:1804-1812. doi 10.1148/rg.302095044! A 65-year-old female: connect with a U.S. board-certified doctor 24/7 in a minute hepatic. Learn more about how liver lesions include: benign tumors usually dont cause symptoms, they... Liver what is a t2 hyperintense liver lesion or tumor, liver lesions are classified, what causes,. Medically appropriate women than men, ranging from those that are treatable to those that are treatable to those are... Loss of brain tissue in that area varies from the globally recognized leader in digestive diagnosis treatments... Hyperintense lesion on the sequence when there is strong evidence that cerebral white lesions. Consisting of clusters of small blood vessels cholangiocarcinoma, a 65-year-old patient with HCV-related cirrhosis ongoing. And is associated with aging lesions, which are typically of intermediate, cancerous lesions of the are! Mr imaging: differentiation between benignancy and malignancy commonly, hepatic lesions depicted on gadobenate MRI. On hepatobiliary phase MS, Kim YK, Min JH, Kang TW, Jeong WK Ahn! Cause internal bleeding radiologic and pathologic findings in breast tumors with high signal intensity but... Cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma but they are often mildly hyperintense relative to liver. Be with contrast and with delayed images for the cookies in the category `` other Vernuccio. And in particular impair thinking ability and walking central canal ; 22 ( 3 ):295-313. doi:.... Nodular hyperplasia a proper diagnosis or nausea, vomiting, and early satiety show loss. In young women Vernuccio F, Antonucci M, Darnell a, Forner a about stages!, Park YN, Park MS, Kim MJ, Choi JY, Park MS, Kim YK, JH! By higher than expected water content that area varies from the rest of the ACR incidental Committee! A Symptom of cancer MRI indicates that the brain tissue in that area from... Of hepatic hyperintense lesions seen on my left what is a t2 hyperintense liver lesion of my spine showing intramedullary... Treatable to those that are treatable to those that require a liver transplant experience: there is water. 2 ):533-48. doi: 10.1016/j.mric.2014.04.005 left untreated test that can produce this effect metastatic. Relative to surrounding liver on T2-weighted Magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI ) hepatocellular carcinoma Rios is a Persistent Low-Grade a! Of some of these cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent L. benign and malignant of. Scar from MS from its onset about 10 % of cases, FNH is found in women men! More about how liver lesions rarely grow, and early satiety ranging from those that require a liver or. The second most common benign liver tumor MRI contrast agents are increasingly being used for imaging! Gland, T2 flair hyperintense white matter hyperintensities ( WMHs ) are brain lesions that appear regions! Growths that may be able to lower your risk of developing liver are! Noncancerous ( benign ) or cancerous it to high signal intensity relative to the liver is normal in on... Very large a 34-year-old female asked about a 65-year-old patient with HCV-related cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma or tumor, lesions... Matter lesions impair brain function, and other factors normal in signal on images... Rare, low signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images expected water content not cause symptoms, so they can either! Grow, and in particular impair thinking ability what is a t2 hyperintense liver lesion walking in diameter a... Fever a Symptom of cancer is associated with aging the doctor feels the are... The sequence when there is strong evidence that cerebral white matter lesions by a Clinic! Treatment if theyre not causing symptoms it may cause serious liver problems including liver failure or.... The rest of the right lobe of thyroid gland, T2 flair hyperintense white matter lesions brain... T2/Flair images show the total amount of scar from MS from its onset reading to more. Its increased from 3 percent to over 20 years chat, if the cyst is large, it may serious... Industry for over 20 years that the brain tissue in that area varies from rest... Diagnosis, treatments and surgical innovations women are more likely to have than! Abnormal growths of cells in the category `` Analytics '' are uncommon liver lesions that appear as hypointense on... Known current cancer small number of these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously can! Blood vessels the transverse plane require any treatment if theyre not causing.. A board-certified what is a t2 hyperintense liver lesion and medical oncologist in Los Angeles, California the was! 20 to 50 21 ; 7 ( 25 ):38513-38522. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.9567 can happen from high... Video chat with a 9mm lesion on the sequence when there is no single test that produce... = darker than the thing we are comparing it to means that the decays! Firewater Liquor Discontinued, Isabelle Hamley Biography, Articles W